Citing and Referencing
Stephen Eick
An example
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•sing a procedure known as optogenetic therapy, scientists restored partial vision to a
man blind for nearly four decades by injecting a particular gene into the manàeye,
causing retinal neurons to produce a protein which senses light [1].
’eferences
[1] Megan Molteni. May 24th, 2021. With engineered proteins, scientists use optogenetics
for the first time to help a blind patient see again. Retrieved from
https://www.statnews.com/2021/05/24/scientists-use-optogenetics-for-first-time-tohelp-blind-patient-see/.
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Getting the terminology right
Source
•sing a procedure known as optogenetic therapy, scientists restored partial vision to a
man blind for nearly four decades by injecting a particular gene into the manàeye,
causing retinal neurons to produce a protein which senses light [1].
C
itation
’eference
References
[1] Megan Molteni. May 24th, 2021. With engineered proteins, scientists use optogenetics
for the first time to help a blind patient see again. Retrieved from
https://www.statnews.com/2021/05/24/scientists-use-optogenetics-for-first-time-tohelp-blind-patient-see/.
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Clearing up bad habits and misconceptions
ES: `cited the reference.• YES: `referenced the source.• NO: `cited the source.¬
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Citation
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Source
Why do you reference?
rovenance (demonstrate history of ownership)
ccessibility (provide a path to the source materials)
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What do you reference?
ny existing work from which you are drawing information to create
your work.
nce referenced, an existing work ¥comes! source.
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When do you reference?
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f you¥ using information from an existing work to create your work.
ome written pieces (e.g. op-eds) do not require references.
Where do you reference?
sually (and for this class), in a section titled ¥ferences which is
placed at the end of the document.
ome fields (e.g. law) use footnote references.
ome documents (e.g. some books and reports) may provide a
Reference section at the end of each chapter.
emember: reference styles vary by field.
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Why do you cite?
rovenance (demonstrate history of ownership)
erification (demonstrate truth and accuracy of your statement)
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What do you cite?
irect quotations (wrap them in quotation marks)
ata, charts, figures and the ilk from an existing work.
n general, any information taken from an existing work.
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When do you cite?
f you¥ using exact phrasing from an existing work (quotation
marks needed).
f you¥ including a graphic or figure in your work.
f you¥ paraphrasing ideas from an existing work.
etter to öercite4han to ndercite.±1
Where do you cite?
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sually, at the end of any sentence using information from an
existing work.
sually acceptable to cite at mentions of a workàauthors (example:
®.according to Ketchum and Oak [1], a trainer).
f using a figure from an existing work, usually in the caption.
emember: citation styles vary by field.
PTPL-specific items
ou do need to cite and reference for an essay question which
depends on a reading.
ou do not need to cite and reference for an essay question which
has no dependent reading.
ou do need to cite and reference in assignments and projects
according to the IEEE format.
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How do you cite in this class? IEEE says…
end of the line for my research [13].“The theory was first put forward in 1987 [1].“Scholtz [2] has argued
åveral recent studies [3, 4, 15, 22] have suggested that
https://ieee-dataport.org/sites/default/files/analysis/27/IEEE%20Citation%20Guidelines.pdf
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