States of
Consciousness
? Circadian Rhythms, Sleeping
& Dreaming
? Meditation & Hypnosis
? Psychoactive Drugs
? Substance Abuse
Sleeping &
Dreaming
? REM sleep
? Look at
chart of brain waves
in different stages of sleep,
p.112
? Dreams: Freudàlatent Vs.
manifest content
? Sleep disorders
narcolepsy
sleep apnea
insomnia
Sleep Cycles as
seen on an EEG
? Awake
Beta Waves
? Drowsy
Alpha waves
? Stage 1 Irregular waves
? Stage 2 Sleep spindles
? Stage 3 Delta waves
?
at least 20%
? Stage 4 Delta waves
?
at least 50%
? See chart p. 112 for details
Sleep Disorders
? Parasomnia: behaviors
normal to waking occur
during sleep, e.g., walking
and talking while asleep
? Narcolepsy: excessive
daytime sleepiness and
uncontrollable attacks of
REM sleep (usually last 10 ²0 minutes
Sleep Disorders,
contin.
? Sleep apnea: breathing stops
during sleep and person
awakens
? Insomnia: difficulty falling
asleep or staying asleep,
waking too early or poor
quality sleep (light, restless)
Altered States
? Characteristics:
istorted perception
ntense emotions
llogical, hard to describe
ranscendent
elf-evident reality
Altered States
Meditation &
Hypnosis
? Meditation
? Hypnosis
( Mesmer )
epersonalization
ear Death Experiences
ain relief
r. Milton Eriksonàwork
Meditation
? Different perspectives in Europe
and Asia
? Europe used meditation as a sort
of prayerful state of mind,
cultivated especially among
religious individuals
? Asians prefer a ¯ mind¡pproach, emptying the onkey
mind!nd practicing what a
European monk would identify as
ïntemplationeditation,
concluded
? Benson did research on
Transcendental Meditation
? He found beneficial changes
in blood pressure and blood
chemistry
? Relaxation Response offers
a secular instruction manual
for meditation
Hypnosis
? Mesmer promoted himself as
a faith healer using nimal
magnetism,4o èarge·ater with his wand and offer
hope to the gullible
? About 20% of population is
very suggestible and 20%
are not at all suggestible, so
hypnosis is not for everyone
1
Hypnosis, contin.
? Clinical hypnosis is used in
pain relief, in cognitive
restructuring and sometimes
to create resources for
clients who lack them
? It does not offer:
ast life recall
erfect memory
ecovery of forgotten material

ore accurate recall
1
Hypnosis,
concluded
? Hypnosis is mistrusted by the
legal profession
? Hypnotically refreshed
memory (recollection) is NOT
admissible in a courtroom
? Psychological treatment
must carefully avoid hypnotic
and quasi-hypnotic
techniques if legal
proceedings are anticipated
1
Psychoactive Drugs
? Classes:
timulants
!mphetamines
#ocaine
epressants
3edatives & tranquilizers
.arcotics
allucinogens
-arijuana
? Designer drugs
? Polydrug abuse
1
Substance Abuse
and Dependence
? Abuse gets you in trouble with
your family, friends and society
? Dependence means your body
needs the substance to avoid
going into withdrawal
? AA and many clinicians use a
disease model, considering
substance abuse a disease
which one is responsible for
living with, but not morally
reprehensible for developing it
1

Purchase answer to see full
attachment