Ch 17 Special Senses Lecture Objectives:
What type of cells make up the olfactory epithelium? Which one is for regeneration? What is the process
of producing action potentials by the olfactory neuron (what ends up opening Na+ channels)? What is a
generator potential?
What is the route of neural transmission for smelling?
What is the anatomy term for smelling? For tasting?
What are lingual papillae? How are gustatory epithelial cells replaced? What are taste hairs and taste
pores?
Which two cranial nerves are for tasting? What type of information does the trigeminal nerve provide in
our mouth? Which cerebral cortex does taste information travel to?
What other sensation will enhance our taste? (think about when you are sick with a stuffy nose)
What chemicals are responsible for the four primary taste sensations? How do their sensitivities
compare? What specific type of G-protein coupled receptors are important for tasting?
Know the following parts of the eye and their functions: eyelids, eyelashes, tarsal glands, conjunctiva,
corneal epithelium.
What is the lacrimal gland? What makes up your tears and what are their functions? What is the route of
travel for tears from the lacrimal gland?
Know the detail structures and functions of the eye (including those in the parenthesis):
•
•
†ibrous layer
o Sclera
o Cornea (Does the cornea have blood vessels? And what does that mean for the
cornea?)
Vascular layer
o Iris (dilator pupillae, sphincter pupillae)
o Ciliary body (ciliary zonule)
o Choroid
Inner Layer
o Pigmented layer
o Neural layer:
? photoreceptors: rods and cones
? macula and fovea centralis
? bipolar cells
? ganglion cells
? optic disc and blind spot
Chambers
o Anterior segment (aqueous humor, intra-ocular pressure, scleral venous sinus)
o Posterior segment (vitreous humor)
Lens (what is it made up of and what is unique about it?)
What cranial nerve is for vision?
What is refraction? And what does focal point and focal distance has to do with clear vision (in terms of
looking at close vs. far objects)?
What is accommodation? How does the shape of the lens differ for close vs. far objects? And what do
the ciliary muscles do to adjust shape of the lens?
How does an image appear on your retina?
What is visual acuity and how is it measured? What does 20/20 vs. 20/30 vs. 20/15 mean?
What is the proper term of normal vision? For nearsightedness? For farsightedness? What are the
causes of nearsighted ness and farsightedness? What does LASIK do to fix these problems?
What are photons? What do rods and cones detect differently about photons?
What are discs and visual pigments on rods and cones? What do rods6isual pigments contain? How do
those in the cones differ?
What is the process of photoreception? What neurotransmitters are involved? How does this differ from
the usual process of action potential? What specific G-protein is involved?
What is bleaching? How does it affect vision? How does this explain the green lingering spots in
response to a cameraàbright flash?
Why do we need vitamin A for clear vision?
Know the detail structures and functions of the ear (including those in the parenthesis):
•
…xternal ear
o Auricle (external acoustic meatus)
o Tympanic membrane
o Ceruminous (cerumen)
Middle ear
o Auditory tube
o Auditory ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes, oval window)
o Tensor tympani and stapedius
Internal ear
o Bony labyrinth and membranous labyrinth
o Perilymph and endolymph
o Vestibule
? Saccule and utricle
? semicircular canals)
? Endolymphatic duct and endolymphatic sac
o Cochlea
? Vestibular duct
? Tympanic duct
? Oval window and round window
? Organ of Corti
? Basilar membrane
? Tectorial membrane
How does the ampulla allow us to sense rotational movement? (hair cells, ampullary crest, ampullary
cupula, stereocilia/kinocilium) Which semicircular duct allow us to sense horizontal rotation, nodding, and
tilting your head side-to-side?
How does the maculae allow us to sense position and linear movement? (hair cells, otolithic membrane,
otoliths). What happens when our head is upright? When head is tilted posteriorly?
Know the process of hearing from sound waves entering external acoustic meatus to cochlear nerve.
If sound is high frequency, what type of wavelength would it have? It would vibrate basilar membrane
closer to oval window or farther?
Information from the vestibule/semicircular ducts has to travel through what structures in order for us to
have those sensations?
Conditions/diseases for this chapter: chalazion, conjunctivitis, detached retina, glaucoma, cataract,
astigmatism, presbyopia, nyctalopia, otitis media, nystagmus

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