Summary
Oscilloscopes (or scopes) test and display voltage signals as waveforms, visual
representations of the variation of voltage over time. The signals are plotted on a graph,
which shows how the signal changes. The vertical (Y) access represents the voltage
measurement and the horizontal (X) axis represents time
PRELAB
RESULTS
Vi
Vo
-1.3
-1
-0.7
-0.399
-0.1
0.2
0.5
0.7
0.8
1.1
1.4
-10.63
-10.63
-7.79
-4.44
-1.101
2.25
5.61
7.84
8.96
11.27
11.27
Part 3
15
10
5
0
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
-5
-10
-15
5) Voltage= 7.40V 50V
13) Voltmeter= 5.95 volt, Designed voltmeter= 60uA
Analysis
1)
Hand
Analysis
Simulation experiment
% Error (Simulation &
hand)
11
10.9
10.92
-0.917431193
2)
For meters with electronic devices, the input sensitivity is very high.
% Error ( Simulation &
Experiment)
-0.183486239
We know Sensitivity=Meter input resistance/Full scale deflection of the meter. As, Sensitivity is very
high, we can say that the input resistance will also be very high. In other words, the meter takes very
little current from the source. Therefore, in comparison with the very high input resistance, the
resistance of the meter, which is generally small and is negligible. This is a big advantage as the meter
takes few Nano amps of current, as it reduces the loading effect on the meter.
3) The Voltmeter gave us= 5.95 Volts, the designed voltmeter gave us= 6V.
Due to resistance on the resistor being too close to the resistance on the designed voltmeter, some
current might have flown through the designed voltmeter as well, causing the error. To avoid this error
the standard voltmeters always have an infinite resistance, making sure no current flows through it.
4) Advantage: It gives minimum loading affect and gives very accurate reading.
Disadvantage: Temperature of the meter must be maintained within limits otherwise the
components might get damaged.
Notebook data
Conclusion:
An oscilloscope is a laboratory instrument commonly used to display and analyze the
waveform of electronic signals. In effect, the device draws a graph of the instantaneous signal
voltage as a function of time

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