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week 12 Pharm Discussion

week 12 Pharm Discussion

week 12 Pharm Discussion

Description

Visit the website below to identify the different types of seizure disorders

https://www.cdc.gov/epilepsy/about/types-of-seizures.htm

Based on the seizure disorders classifications, select 3 classifications and identify 2 medication classes used to treat seizure disorders

From the medication classes, select 2 specific medications that could be prescribed

Explain their indications and adverse effect

Please see attached pictures for the 2 medications®bsp;This info is from the reference below. However other references need to added as this is the class book.

Valproic acid for focal onset and generalized onset

Ethosuximide for absence seizures

Archangelo, V.P., Peterson,A. W., Wilbur, V., & Reinhold, J.A.. (2022). Pharmacotherapeutics for advanced practice: A practical approach. (5th Ed.) Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer.

I  also included a paper about valproic acid  that I did many weeks ago in order to help you

Valproic acid is the generic name of the valeric acid derivative, a naturally occurring acid.  It is classified  as a anticonvulsant. FDA approved it and its products to be used as a treatment for seizures, mood disorders and migraines. Rahman & Nguyen (2020) explain that Divalproex sodium is the coordinated and stable form of valproic acid, and its trade name is Depakote. It works similarly to valproic acid in treating different seizures and mood problems. It has been used instead of lithium as first-line therapy in managing mixed episodes and severe mania. Valproic acid and divalproex sodium are FDA-approved for the treatment of epilepsy. They also act as mood stabilizers and treatments for migraines. The drug has also been prescribed to treat aggression and impulsivity in patients with brain injury, although FDA does not approve this.

        Valproic acid exists in capsule and tablet forms, which are made in different strengths; tablets-125mg, 250mg, and 500mgs, whereas capsules in 125mg. According to Rahman & Nguyen (2020), its dosage differs according to the patient’s medical condition. For epilepsy the dosage starts at 10mg/kg/day with not exceeding 60mg/kg/day. When treating mania, the initial dose can start at 25mg/kg daily to a maximum dose of 60mg/kg/day. When managing migraines, it can be given at 250mg twice daily as a prophylaxis, and for treatment, it starts at 500mg to a maximum of 1000mg daily. Valproic acid is not contraindicated in renal problems but in patients with hepatic impairment (Nichols et al., 2019)

       Valproic acid works in three ways in the body, making it suitable for its function. According to Rahman & Nguyen (2020), it increases the gamma-aminobutyric acid in the central nervous system, it inhibits histone deacetylase and voltage-gated ion channels, controlling the pathway for seizure initiation-propagation and  decreases neurons’ firing frequency, preventing the aura biochemical phenomena in patients with epilepsy.

        The most common side effects of Valproic acid include gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, constipation, diarrhoea, and change in appetite. According to Rahman & Nguyen (2020), common central nervous system symptoms include headache, dizziness, tremors, depression, tinnitus, myalgia, photosensitivity, and nervousness. Other common effects include blurry vision, weight changes, alopecia, and nystagmus. The most fear presentation categorized as severe adverse events include; Steven-Johnson syndrome, hepatotoxicity, aplastic anemia, toxic epidermal, pancytopenia,  encephalopathy, bleeding and even coma (Rahman & Nguyen, 2020)

References 

Nichols J.H., & Rutherford N.J., & Laposata M (2019). Toxicology. Laposata M(Ed.), Laposata’s Laboratory Medicine: Diagnosis of Disease in the Clinical Laboratory, 3e. McGraw Hill. https://accessmedicine-mhmedical-com.ezproxylocal….

Rahman, M., & Nguyen, H. (2020). Valproic Acid (Divalproex Sodium). PubMed; StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559112/

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